Cholic Acid (E1000)

Purpose and Function

Cholic acid is a primary bile acid naturally produced in the liver and plays a critical role in the digestion and absorption of fats and fat-soluble vitamins in the small intestine. As a food additive, cholic acid is primarily used as an emulsifier and stabilizer, helping to mix ingredients that would otherwise separate, such as oil and water. It is also utilized in the production of certain dietary supplements and pharmaceutical formulations due to its ability to enhance the bioavailability of lipophilic (fat-soluble) compounds.

In addition to its role in food, cholic acid is used in medical treatments for bile acid synthesis disorders and as a diagnostic agent in hepatobiliary imaging. Its amphipathic nature (having both hydrophilic and hydrophobic properties) makes it an effective agent for solubilizing fats and cholesterol, which is why it is often included in enteral nutrition formulas and specialized diets.

Potential Risks and Side Effects

While cholic acid is generally recognized as safe when consumed in normal dietary amounts, excessive intake or supplementation may lead to adverse effects. Studies have shown that high levels of cholic acid can disrupt the balance of gut microbiota, potentially leading to gastrointestinal issues such as diarrhea, bloating, and abdominal discomfort. In rare cases, prolonged exposure to elevated levels of bile acids, including cholic acid, has been associated with an increased risk of liver damage and colorectal cancer.