TBHQ (Tertiary Butylhydroquinone) (E319)

Type of additive	Antioxidants, Preservatives
E Number	E319
Chemical Formula	C₁₀H₁₄O₂

Purpose and Function

Tert-Butylhydroquinone, commonly known as TBHQ, is a synthetic antioxidant used primarily as a preservative in processed foods. It is added to prevent oxidation, which can cause foods to become rancid, lose flavor, or develop off-colors. By stabilizing fats and oils, TBHQ extends the shelf life of food products, ensuring they remain fresh and palatable for longer periods. It is commonly found in:

Cosmetics and Industrial Products: Beyond food, TBHQ is also used in cosmetics, varnishes, and resins to prevent oxidative degradation.

Processed Foods: Used in packaged snacks like chips, crackers, and cookies to prevent oils from going rancid.

Fried Foods: Helps maintain the quality of oils used in frying, such as in fast foods or frozen fried products.

Potential Risks and Side Effects

TBHQ is approved for use as a food additive by various regulatory agencies, including the FDA and EFSA, with established acceptable daily intake (ADI) levels. However, its safety has been the subject of scrutiny, particularly concerning its potential long-term health effects:

Carcinogenic Potential: Some animal studies have suggested that high doses of TBHQ could be linked to an increased risk of certain cancers. However, these effects were observed at doses much higher than what humans would typically consume through food, and current evidence does not conclusively link TBHQ to cancer in humans. Regulatory bodies continue to monitor and evaluate these findings.
Immune System Effects: A study published in The Journal of Immunology indicated that TBHQ might have an impact on the immune system, potentially leading to an exaggerated response to allergens or affecting the efficacy of vaccines. More research is needed to fully understand these effects and their implications for human health.
Behavioral Effects: There is some evidence, though limited, suggesting that TBHQ could be linked to behavioral issues such as hyperactivity in children. This is an area of ongoing research, and while the evidence is not definitive, it has led to concerns among some health professionals and parents.
General Toxicity: High levels of TBHQ can cause nausea, vomiting, and tinnitus (ringing in the ears). However, these effects are typically associated with acute exposure to much higher levels than would be found in a normal diet.