Purpose and Function
Tartrazine is a synthetic lemon-yellow azo dye used as a food coloring. It is one of the most commonly used artificial food colorants and is found in a wide range of food products. Its primary functions include:
- Colorant: Tartrazine imparts a bright yellow color to food and beverages, making them more visually appealing. It is widely used in products such as candies, soft drinks, baked goods, cereals, and sauces.
- Blending with Other Colors: Tartrazine is often mixed with other dyes to create a variety of shades, such as green (when mixed with Brilliant Blue FCF) or orange.
Tartrazine is favored in the food industry for its vibrant color and stability under various processing conditions, such as heat and light exposure.
Potential Risks and Side Effects
While tartrazine is approved for use by regulatory agencies such as the FDA, EFSA, and others, it has been associated with several potential risks and adverse effects, which have led to controversy:
- Allergic Reactions: Some individuals may experience allergic reactions to tartrazine, particularly those with aspirin sensitivity. Symptoms can include hives, itching, and in severe cases, anaphylaxis. Such reactions are relatively rare but can be significant for those affected.
- Hyperactivity in Children: Tartrazine has been linked to hyperactivity and behavioral issues in children. The “Southampton study” and subsequent research suggested that certain artificial colorings, including tartrazine, may contribute to increased hyperactivity in children. This has led to warning labels on products containing tartrazine in the European Union, advising that it may have an adverse effect on activity and attention in children.
- Intolerance in Asthmatics: Some asthmatics may experience exacerbated symptoms after consuming tartrazine. This intolerance is particularly noted in individuals with aspirin-induced asthma.