Monosodium Citrate (E331)
| Type of additive (Glossary) | Acidity Regulators, Buffering Agents, Emulsifiers |
| E Number | E331 (ii) |
| Chemical Formula | C6H7NaO7 |
| Also Known As | Sodium Dihydrogen Citrate |
Purpose and Function
E331 can refer to any of the sodium salts of citric acid: monosodium citrate, disodium citrate, or trisodium citrate.
Monosodium citrate is a sodium salt of citric acid, widely used in the food industry for its ability to regulate acidity, act as a buffering agent, and function as an emulsifier. Its primary applications include:
- Acidity Regulator: Monosodium citrate helps control the pH levels in food products, ensuring they maintain the desired acidity. This is particularly useful in beverages, dairy products, and processed foods where specific acidity levels are crucial for taste and stability.
- Buffering Agent: In addition to regulating acidity, it acts as a buffering agent, maintaining the stability of the pH in various food and beverage formulations. This helps prevent drastic changes in acidity that could otherwise affect the flavor and shelf life of the product.
- Emulsifier: Monosodium citrate can also help stabilize emulsions, such as in salad dressings or sauces, where it ensures that oil and water-based ingredients blend smoothly and do not separate over time.
Potential Risks and Side Effects
Monosodium citrate is generally recognized as safe (GRAS) by major food safety authorities, including the FDA. However, like all food additives, there are some potential risks and considerations:
- Sodium Content: One of the primary concerns with monosodium citrate is its contribution to the overall sodium content in food products. Excessive sodium intake is associated with various health issues, including hypertension and cardiovascular disease. However, the amount of sodium contributed by monosodium citrate is usually minimal in the context of a balanced diet.
- Gastrointestinal Discomfort: In some cases, consuming large amounts of monosodium citrate may cause mild gastrointestinal discomfort, including bloating or diarrhea. These effects are generally rare and occur only at high concentrations, which are not typical in most food products.
- Allergic Reactions: Although extremely rare, some individuals may have sensitivities or allergic reactions to citrates, resulting in symptoms such as skin irritation or digestive issues.