Disodium Citrate (E331)

Purpose and Function

E331 can refer to any of the sodium salts of citric acid: monosodium citrate, disodium citrate, or trisodium citrate.

Disodium citrate is one of the sodium salts of citric acid, commonly used in the food industry for its ability to regulate acidity, act as a buffering agent, and serve as an emulsifier. It is an intermediate form between monosodium citrate and trisodium citrate, balancing pH more moderately. The primary functions of disodium citrate include:

• Acidity Regulator: Disodium citrate helps control and maintain the pH levels in food and beverage products, ensuring they have the desired acidity. It is especially useful in dairy products, soft drinks, and processed foods.
• Buffering Agent: It acts as a buffering agent, stabilizing the pH of products to prevent drastic changes in acidity that could affect flavor, texture, and shelf life.
• Emulsifier: It can also act as an emulsifier, helping to stabilize mixtures of oil and water in products like sauces, dressings, and certain beverages.

Potential Risks and Side Effects

Disodium citrate is generally recognized as safe (GRAS) by food safety authorities like the FDA and EFSA. However, there are some potential risks and considerations associated with its use:

• Sodium Content: As a sodium salt, disodium citrate contributes to the overall sodium content in foods, which should be monitored by individuals who are managing their sodium intake due to health concerns such as hypertension or cardiovascular disease.
• Gastrointestinal Discomfort: In rare cases, high amounts of disodium citrate might cause gastrointestinal discomfort, including bloating or diarrhea. These effects are usually minimal and occur only when consumed in large quantities.
• Allergic Reactions: Although uncommon, some individuals may experience allergic reactions to citrates, resulting in symptoms such as skin irritation or digestive issues.