Brominated Vegetable Oil (BVO) (E443)

Purpose and Function

Brominated vegetable oil (BVO) is a synthetic compound derived from vegetable oil that has been chemically bonded with bromine. It is used primarily as an emulsifier and stabilizer in citrus-flavored soft drinks and other beverages to keep the flavoring oils evenly distributed throughout the liquid, preventing them from separating. Its main functions include:

• Emulsifier: BVO helps to emulsify citrus flavors in soft drinks, ensuring that the oils do not separate from the water-based components of the beverage, which maintains a uniform flavor and appearance.
• Stabilizer: It provides stability to the beverage by keeping the flavoring oils in suspension, which is especially important in drinks that contain ingredients that are prone to separating over time.

Potential Risks and Side Effects

The safety of BVO has been a subject of controversy, leading to its ban in several countries and increasing scrutiny in regions where it is still allowed:

• Bromine Accumulation: BVO contains bromine, a chemical element that can build up in the body if consumed in large amounts or over long periods. Accumulation of bromine can lead to bromism, a condition characterized by neurological symptoms such as headache, fatigue, and memory loss. In severe cases, it can lead to more serious issues like impaired motor skills and cognitive functions.
• Thyroid Dysfunction: Some studies suggest that bromine can interfere with iodine absorption, potentially leading to thyroid dysfunction. This is because bromine and iodine are both halogens, and high levels of bromine can displace iodine in the thyroid gland, potentially leading to conditions like hypothyroidism.
• Regulatory Action: Due to these health concerns, BVO has been banned in the European Union, Japan, and India. In the United States, the FDA initially designated BVO as “Generally Recognized as Safe” (GRAS), but it was later reclassified as an interim food additive, requiring further study. Recently, in June 2022, the FDA announced plans to revoke BVO’s authorization as a food additive, effectively banning its use in the U.S.