Carotene (E160a)

Type of additive
(Glossary)		Colorants
E NumberE160a
Chemical FormulaC40H56
Also Known AsProvitamin A
Carotenoids
Alpha-Carotene
Beta-Carotene
Gamma-Carotene

Purpose and Function

Alpha, Beta, and Gamma-Carotene (E160a) are naturally occurring pigments found in plants, particularly in yellow, orange, and green leafy vegetables. These carotenoids are used as natural food colorants and also serve as precursors to Vitamin A, making them nutritionally beneficial. Common uses include:

  • Beverages: Added to juices, soft drinks, and flavored beverages for a yellow to orange color.
  • Dairy products: Used in margarine, butter, and cheese spreads to enhance their yellow-orange appearance.
  • Confectionery: Found in candies and sweets to give them a natural orange color.
  • Bakery products: Used in cakes, pastries, and other baked goods for color enhancement.
  • Processed foods: Common in sauces, soups, and ready-to-eat meals for natural coloring.

Beta-Carotene, the most well-known of the three, is widely used because of its bright orange hue and its ability to convert into Vitamin A in the human body.

Potential Risks and Side Effects

Alpha-Carotene, Beta-Carotene, and Gamma-Carotene (E160a) are generally regarded as safe and beneficial due to their role as provitamin A compounds. However, a few considerations include:

  • Excessive intake: While carotenoids are non-toxic, excessive consumption of beta-carotene can lead to a harmless condition known as carotenemia, where the skin takes on an orange tint. This effect is temporary and resolves once intake is reduced.
  • Smokers and beta-carotene supplements: Studies have shown that high doses of beta-carotene supplements (not food-based sources) may increase the risk of lung cancer in smokers. This effect has not been observed with beta-carotene from natural food sources.
  • Nutritional benefits: As a source of Vitamin A, these carotenoids support vision, immune function, and skin health. Consuming them through food rather than supplements is considered safer and healthier.

Overall, carotenoids like alpha-, beta-, and gamma-carotene are essential for good health, and consuming them in food form is both safe and beneficial.