Citrus Red 2 (E121)

Purpose and Function

Citrus Red 2 (E121) is a synthetic orange-red dye historically used to color the peel of oranges. It was applied to enhance the appearance of oranges that were naturally pale or discolored, particularly those intended for decorative purposes rather than consumption.

The use of Citrus Red 2 was primarily limited to:

• Citrus fruits: Applied to orange peels to give a more vibrant color for aesthetic reasons.

However, its use has been restricted in many countries, including the United States and European Union, due to safety concerns.

Potential Risks and Side Effects

Citrus Red 2 (E121) has been linked to several health risks, leading to its ban in many countries. Key concerns include:

• Carcinogenicity: Studies have shown that it may have carcinogenic properties when consumed in large amounts. It has been associated with cancer development in animal studies, which raised concerns about its safety in human food.
• Regulatory restrictions: In the United States, Citrus Red 2 is permitted only for use on the peels of non-organic oranges that are not intended for general consumption (like those used for decoration). In Europe and many other regions, it is banned altogether.
• Allergic reactions: Some individuals may experience allergic reactions to synthetic dyes, though this is less commonly documented with Citrus Red 2.

Due to these risks, Citrus Red 2 (E121) is no longer widely used in the food industry.